By retting, the fibres are first removed. Cole-Cole analysis was carried out to understand the phase behaviour of the composite samples. This treatment, Light and transmission electron microscope studies of naturally infected or inoculated staghorn sumac plants by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. The results showed that, compared with the control samples, P. longanae-inoculated, Chemical reactivity of hemp fibres placed into a cimentitous matrix was studied by using a lime solution as a simplified cement In water retting, the stalks are dipped in tanks filled with freshwater, where a pectin degrading bacterial community influences the retting process [32]. Pronounced alterations of pit membranes of bordered pits occurred, with their outer portions disrupted into bodies of opaque matter, strongly labelled for cellulose, and their middle portions as unlabelled shreds. Environmental Scanning Electronic Microcopy of the fibre bundles (retted) showed great fibre sensibility towards moisture, which could significantly influence mechanical properties. A neural network model was established based on the experimental results, and the optimal processing parameters of degumming were determined finally with genetic algorithm through a fuzzy relationship between the processing parameters and degumming effects. Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres 5. Ribbon retting reduces time of normal retting by 4–5 days. The fibers are first extracted by retting. Decreasing lignin in such plants holds significant commercial and environmental potential. Results inferred that 15 days retting gives better quality of fibers. The three strains, when used in a consortium mode, showed enhanced enzymatic activity and in a 1:2:1 ratio produced maximum activity of PG (21.7 IU/ml), PNL (238.0 U/ml), xylanase (15.8 IU/ml). Process The process of manufacturing a particular kind of thread can vary widely, from the spinning of silk to the carding and processing of wool. Moreover, the fibre filaments were stronger, improved coloured and finer textured compared to conventional stem retted jute fibres. The physio-chemical properties of fibres were analysed for its different uses. The retting process consists of bundling jute On the other hand, increased lumen diameter and a decreased cell wall thickness were observed with the decorticated and water retted bast fibers. Merits of in-situ 6. Peak of loss modulus of pure phenolic showed very less, after the addition of kenaf/PALF peaks were higher and shifted towards high temperature. For retting gently flowing, fairly deep, clear and soft water. Three best combinations were identified that lowered retting period from 18–21 days to 10 days producing high quality fibre in both laboratory and field trial. Abstract BBS.2008. For minimizing the problems of jute retting process, the farmers are now more interested on ribbon retting process. In the conventional retting, jute plant is immersed in clear slow flowing water for 14–28 days to degrade the pectic materials, hemicellulose, and lignin. The jute fibre comes from the stem and ribbon (outer skin) of the jute plant. Both over retting and under retting which are very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. The most common conventional method is water retting but can also include pit soil, chemical, boiling, steaming and mechanical methods. The ribbon retted jute fibres are absolutely free from bark and were of higher grade. Ribbon retting requires lesser volume of water, lesser time, creates lesser environmental pollution, and produces improved quality fibre. a b s t r a c t Four bacterial strains with high balanced polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PNL), and xylanase with minimal cellulase activity were used in jute retting. The ribbons are coiled and then allowed for retting in water with or without using a microbial inoculum. Usually mature stems of harvested jute plants are allowed to ret in pond or ditch water. Data about traditional jute retting process and ribbon retting process were collected through personal interview of jute growers. Corn leaves were collected after harvesting corn and the fibers were extracted by water retting. solution. Such ribbon retted fibres produced standard and regular quality yarn. Women and children usually do this The ribbons are coiled and then allowed for retting in water with or without using a microbial inoculum. The residual gum content and weight‐loss ratio obtained from experimental results were consistent with those given by the model, and the average errors between them were 2.15% and 4.3%, respectively. In ribbon retting, barks are removed from jute in the form of ribbon. They're also a Christmas craft that is simple to make, and the style options are endless.. First, choose a good-quality ribbon. But use of efficient pectinolytic microbial inoculum improves quality of fibre, further reduce the time of retting and the environmental pollution. However, the retting process may require less time if the quality of the jute is better. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors. Higher pectinolytic bacterial isolates were predominant in the later stage of jute retting. 5 Proofreading When you feel confident about your revisions, move on to the last writing process step: proofreading. Pineapple leave fibre (PALF) is one of the abundantly available wastes materials of Malaysia, has not been studied yet as it is required. 2003), during jute degumming process of bacterial strain DCE-01, within 12 h, pH is kept acidic while ORP kept being greater than 0 namely under aerobic status, at 15 h, pH presented alkaline status while ORP was negative namely under anaerobic status. This work shows that optimized degumming processes could be achieved using this model by avoiding time‐consuming and costly trial‐and‐error tests. In contrast with the ribbon retting of jute (Banik et al. After the retting process, stripping begins. After … Scarcity of jute retting water in some areas of Bangladesh is one of the major issues. Among the two transgenic plant types one exhibited an increase in cellulose content and concomitant improvement of glucose release. Most of the defects arising from conventional retting could be overcome by ribbon retting. (2011). Even though fibers were almost detached from the corn leaves in case of 20 days of retting, the fibers were found to be weak. Therefore, ribbon retting process invented to peel jute fiber and rot it in small water. Here we report optimized microbial retting protocol that can lower retting period and produce high fibre quality. The retting time was optimized at 7 days. Basic methods include dew retting and water retting. Regarding the tensile strength, the water retted bast fibers showed highest tensile strength (426.05 MPa), while there was one no difference between decorticated and NaOH retted fibers (386.83 and 393.03 MPa, respectively). cells, related to alterations of their protective layer. The advantage of natural fibres is their continuous supply, easy and safe handling and biodegradable nature. Pectinolytic enzymes were found to ret green jute ribbons within 48 h, producing fairly good quality jute fibres (Majumdar et al., 1991). The optimum retting period was judged based on the characteristics of the retted fibre with respect to fibre fineness, tenacity, modulus, strain at break and linear density. In ribbon retting barks are removed from jute and kenaf plants mechanically or manually in the form of ribbon. Moreover, requirement of water for ribbon retting is almost half in comparison to conventional whole plant retting under normal condition. 2012;Haque et al. The retting process is done either with the help of chemicals (N 2 H 8 C 2 O 4 , Na 2 SO 3 , etc.) In the retting tank, use of pectinolytic microbial inoculums could be introduced to improve quality of fiber and reduce the time of retting, ... Additionally, polluted water containing chemicals as pesticides and fertilizers increases the risks. This also reduces environmental pollution to a great extent. The microorganisms in dif-ferent combinations of consortia showed synergistic effect resulting in increased PG (35.52–46.61 IU/g cell wet weight), PNL (39.79–72.12 U/ml), xylanase (0.705–0.840 mol/ml/min) and little cellulase (0–0.153 mol/ml/min) activities. Bacteria and fungi with xylanase activity were isolated from the bamboo retting system. Vessel walls, at all stages of infection, were lined with variously structured matter: in their thinnest forms, by single or paired, equidistant or widely spaced opaque bands, and in their thickest forms as alternating opaque and less opaque layers. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. rice, wheat, maize, sunflower and mach more. Jute fiber pulp consumed 15 kg ClO2/MTof pulp to produce brightness of 81–86%, while jute stick consumed 30 kg ClO2/MT of pulp to produce brightness 85%. Effectof ribbon retting on kraft pulping was also studied. L6 (GQ891097), Bacillus pumilus strain EK-17 (GQ891098), B. pumilus strain Geo-03-422 (GQ891103) and B. pumilus strain IK-MB12-518F (GQ891105). Malaysia is one of the biggest producers of palm oil in the world but the oil palm wood is considered as waste after final harvesting. Pectobacterium sp. In ribbon retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret under water. The traditional water retting and chemical semi-degumming methods restrict the development of the jute industry. Jahan et al. JUTE BAG 3 The jute fiber comes from the stem and ribbon (outer skin) of the jute plant. Data about traditional jute retting process and ribbon retting process were collected through personal interview of jute growers. Jute is one of the important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage. The organisms could be adopted in industrial application for extraction of jute fibre. Many fungal elements were bound by only a thin or defective lucent wall layer, practically unlabelled for chitin, or by a locally thick- ened, labelled one; labelling for this substrate was also frequently associated with the fungal cell outer opaque wall layer or with some outer extracellular matter. Pineapple leaf fibre of certain varieties is widely used in Philippines for making apparels. Ribbon retting has the following advantages over conventional retting: (1) It requires lesser volume of water, (2) it is faster, (3) it produces lesser environmental pollution, and (4) it produces improved quality fibre. Retting is a preferential rotting process to separate the fibre from woody stem without damaging the fibre cellulose. The farmers are involved in jute cultivation and majority of them use the traditional method and time consuming approach of retting in ponds/canals. Ribbon retting … This study presents a post-facto evaluation of the local capacity development processes used under co-management of fisheries and other resources of southern Bangladesh. There are two types of retting, stem and ribbon. with Ca2+ a stable chelate called “egg-box”, supporting cation adsorption. The paper also reviews the methods of extraction of okra fiber by retting, and its physical, chemical and tensile properties were compared with similar well-explored lignocellulosic jute fiber. The ditches may be filled with clear water from tube well or from any other water sources. In this chapter we will extensively discuss the various anatomical structures of pineapple leaf fiber and the effects these have on thermal and mechanical characteristics—observed via scanning electron microscope imaging of surface morphology and the mechanical fracture patterns identified via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and XRD. Now-a-days a particular method is getting popular called ribbon retting which reduces time of traditional retting by around a week as well as requires less water where jute fibers are stripped out mechanically in ribbon form and then coiled and immersed in water, ... important factor in retting. Bamboo culms were processed using microorganisms, and fibre bundles were obtained. This review highlights both conventional and latest biotechnological processes of white pepper production. Jute fiber can be extracted from jute bast through mechanical rolling (preprocessing), culture of bacteria, soaking fermentation (liquor ratio = 10, inoculum size = 1 %, temperature = 35 °C, and time = 15 h), inactivation, washing, and drying. In this process the defoliated jute bundles (50kg) are immersed in a tank or confined water bodies with ratio of plant to water is 1:2. Most of the defects arising from conventional retting could be overcome by ribbon retting. The presence of theses acids in retting water may lead to the reduction of pH, ... To get the average lignin value of a plant, only the mid-section (~16 cm) of the stem was used in this study. In contrast with the ribbon retting of jute (Banik et al. Jute Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. In the stripping process, non-fibrous matter is scraped off, then the workers dig in and grab the fibres from wit… A slight increase in fiber density was observed for NaOH and benzoate retted bast fibers indicating cell wall densification. ... One percent alkali solubilities of jute fiber and jute stick in both retting processes were almost similar (31% for jute stick and 21% for jute fiber). So, ribbon retting is a great promise to produce high quality jute fibre in one hand and a more eco-friendly measure on the other. After the particular thread for ribbon has been spun, dyed, and Scarcity of jute retting water in some areas of Bangladesh is one of the major issues. Over retting causes degradation of fibre cellulose while under retting causes incomplete removal of gummy materials viz., pectic substances. In conventional retting, a huge biomass undergoes decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution. White pepper is the dried seeds obtained from pepper berries (Piper nigrum L.) after the removal of the pericarp. To check the synergistic and antagonistic effect 10 selected isolates were tested in 167 different combinations. Moreover the wash water arising due to rinsing of retted fibre was recycled, thereby achieving a zero discharge concept. Efficient pectinolytic bacteria as well as fungi could be used in retting process. were comprehensively reviewed to find out suitable methodology. It has been widely used as seasoning and condiments in food preparation. Moreover, requirement of water for ribbon retting is almost half in comparison to conventional whole plant retting under normal condition. One hundred twenty-day-old plant was found most suitable for ribbon retting. Here all possible methods of fiber extraction like different retting After removing the top waxy layer, fibre has been extracted from the pineapple leaf by retting in water. Jahan et al. In order to decrease kenaf chemical residues and environmental pollution caused by conventional degumming methods, the present work used a biological enzyme degumming technique to degum kenaf, where the enzyme was the secretion from Aspergillus niger‐kenaf. Present study deals about dynamic mechanical, thermal analysis and flammability of treated and untreated pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) and kenaf fibre (KF) phenolic composites. But use of … During the storage of fish, dynamic primary changes are taking place in numerous parts of the fish, including the eyes, skin, gills and muscle characteristics of the fish. Different factors that influence the production of quality jute fibers are presented. The lining itself generally did not label for cellulose or chitin. The optimum temperature is around 34°c, ditches, tanks, beels-haor or in vast. The retting process consists of bundling jute stems together and immersing them in slow running water. These compounds are not solubilised in a basic medium rich in calcium but a part located at the fibre surface should be degraded. The ribbons are coiled and then allowed for retting in water with or without using a microbial inoculum. This also reduces environmental pollution to a great extent. Samples were exposed to outdoor conditions to evaluate their resistance against biological deterioration. Haque et al. Both methods require 14 to 28 days to degrade the pectic materials, hemicellulose, and lignin. A total of 451 bacterial colonies have been isolated from five jute retting water samples in Bangladesh. Results indicated that storage modulus was decreased for all composites with increases the temperature and pattern of slopes for all composites had almost the same values of E' at glass transition temperature (Tg). in jute field covering the ditches with polythene sheets. Mechano-microbial Retting Mechano-microbial retting of jute involves two distinct operations viz. Jute retting process is one of the important responsible factors for quality of jute fiber. Addition of efficient pectinolytic microbial inoculum may further boost up or improve the ribbon retting process.From the present study it is understood that inoculation of a specific mixed bacterial culture in combination with 0.5% urea as N-supplement caused faster ribbon retting of jute and kenaf. 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