He is mostly known as Theodosius the Calligrapher or Theodosius the Younger. The doctrinal aspects of this era have been exhaustively studied. In 425, Theodosius founded the University of Constantinople with 31 chairs (15 in Latin and 16 in Greek). and matters really escalated under the Emperors Theodosius , Arcadius and Theodosius II - there are different versions according to the Christian sources and pagan sources - such as Eunapius 1) - but the short version goes like this : At the Council of Constantinople the 'Holy Spirit' was declared divine (thus sanctioning the trinity). Bury's History of the Later Roman Empire) Theodosius was instrumental in proscribing paganism, and he did much to destroy the ancient religions of the Roman Empire. DN THEODOSIVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right / VICTORIA AVGG, Theodosius I and Valentinianus II, both nimbate, each holding mappa, sitting front, holding together globe, palm branch between, Victory above them with wings over their heads and hands on their shoulders. 405. THEODOSIUS II, 1st Christian Cross Unaccompanied on Imperial Roman Coin c 410 AD: Condition:--not specified. Editors’ note: To contextualise these excerpts of a 2-page section of Vol. Emperor THEODOSIUS II publicly reprimands the Jewish Patriarch GAMALIEL II and strips him of the rank of 'praefectus praetorio'. As Eudoxia had produced three girls prior to this time, Theodosius' birth was received with considerable excitement, both by his family and by the broader population of Constantinople. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Omissions? This, of course, was the position of the Nicene Creed. His reign was also troubled by a dispute over the heretical doctrines of Nestorius, whom Theodosius appointed patriarch of Constantinople in 428. [3] In 408, his father died and the seven-year-old boy became emperor of the Eastern half of the Roman Empire. His generals defeated Persian (Sāsānian) invaders in 422 and 447, but campaigns against the Vandals, who had occupied most of Roman Africa in 429, ended in failure. He is known for the law code Codex Theodosianusproduced during his reign and for the erection of the defensive walls for Constantinople known as the Theodosian Wall. The Romans strengthened their fortifications and in 424 agreed to pay 350 pounds of gold to encourage the Huns to remain at peace with the Romans. This plan was left unfinished, but the work of a second commission that met in Constantinople, assigned to collect all of the general legislations and bring them up to date, was completed; their collection was published as the Codex Theodosianus in 438. Theodosius II, (born April 10, 401, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Tur. There was also a Theodosius II of Abkhazia. Theodosius I (Greek: Θεοδόσιος; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. Theodosius died in 450 as the result of a riding accident. Theodosius I (Latin language: Flavius Theodosius Augustus; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395.Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. Theodosius II Biography, Life, Interesting Facts. Winning bid: US $22.50 [ … Early in his reign, during a serious illness, Theodosius had accepted Christian baptism. This council restored Eutyches and deposed Flavian, who was mistreated and died shortly afterwards. In 408, his father died and the seven-year-old boy became emperor of the Eastern half of the Roman Empire. Flavius Theodosius II (Greek: Θεοδόσιος Βʹ, Theodósios II; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450), commonly called Theodosius the Younger, or the Calligrapher, was Roman Emperor for most of his life, proclaimed augustus as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408. Roman law had always regulated the transfer of wealth from one generation to the next. In response, Theodosius cracked down harder on pagans in the eastern half of the empire. He appointed Nestorius archbishop of Constantinople in 428. is the date that the legal Code of Emperor Theodosius II was published. During a visit to Syria, Theodosius met the monk Nestorius, who was a renowned preacher. Flavius Theodosius was born in April 401, the eldest son of Aelia Eudoxia and the Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius. (see 200 AD/CE) A mob of 'Christians' in Alexandria murder the last great pagan teacher, HYPATIA. Throughout his reign, control of the government remained out of Theodosius’ hands. Arbogast, a general and guardian of Valentinian II, had proclaimed Eugenius, a former rhetoric teacher, as the new Western emperor. Theodosius IIwas the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire during the first half of the fifth century. The Theodosian Code (in Latin, Codex Theodosianus) was a compilation of Roman Law authorized by Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II in the fifth century.The code was intended to streamline and organize the complicated body of imperial laws promulgated since the reign of Emperor Constantine in 312 C.E., but it included laws from much further back, as well. Theodosius II: Any Christian assemblies out of communion with the bishops of Constantinople, Antioch, and Alexandria are forbidden. Feb 4: CS 2CT 16.2.35: 288: Arcadius, Honorius, Theodosius II: If a deposed bishop raises trouble or attempts to continue in his position, he must be exiled over 100 miles from his former see. He is known for the law code Codex Theodosianus produced during his reign and for the erection of the defensive walls for Constantinople known as the Theodosian Wall.. Life. and matters really escalated under the Emperors Theodosius , Arcadius and Theodosius II - there are different versions according to the Christian sources and pagan sources - such as Eunapius 1) - but the short version goes like this : At the Council of Constantinople the 'Holy Spirit' was declared divine (thus sanctioning the trinity). The holy and right-believing Emperor Theodosius I, also called Theodosius the Great, was the last emperor who ruled over both the eastern and western portions of the Roman Empire.He ruled from 379 to 395. Today, the 27th of February, in AD 380, Theodosius proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire. the Roman emperor Theodosius II (408 – 450 c.e.) The law code of Theodosius II, summarizing edicts promulgated since Constantine, formed a basis for the law code of Emperor Justinian I, the Corpus Juris Civilis, in the following century. The Eastern Empire was plagued by raids by the Huns. Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. Anthemius dropped out of sight in 414, when the emperor’s sister Pulcheria received the title augusta and assumed the regency. Corrections? Like Constantine the Great and several of his successors, he was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, in a porphyry sarcophagus that was described in the 10th century by Constantine VII in the De Ceremoniis.[12]. Theodosius hastened to Italy to avenge this crime. The reign of Theodosius II, from 408 to 450, coincided with a crucial era in early Christianity. Editors’ note: To contextualise these excerpts of a 2-page section of Vol. Nestorius quickly became involved in the disputes of two theological factions, which differed in their Christology. II, ‘Theodosius II, Executor of All the Precepts of Christianity’ in Karlheinz Deschner’s encyclopaedic history of the Church in 10-volumes, Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums, read the abridged translation of Volume I. In 433 with the rise of Attila and Bleda to unify the Huns, the payment was doubled to 700 pounds. He was a gentle, scholarly, easily dominated man who allowed his government to be run by a succession of relatives and ministers. Theodosius II and the Eastern Roman Empire. Already in January 402 he was proclaimed co-augustus by his father, thus becoming the youngest person ever to bear this title in Roman history. Theodosius came to power 42 years after Contantine's death. His father was to become the general Flavius Theodosius; his mother’s name is unknown. Leo of Rome and many other bishops protested against the outcome, but the emperor supported it. He is known for the law code Codex Theodosianus produced during his reign and for the erection of the defensive walls for Constantinople known as the Theodosian Wall. THEODOSIUS II, 1st Christian Cross Unaccompanied on Imperial Roman Coin c 410 AD: Condition:--not specified. He also presided over the outbreak of two great Christological controversies, Nestorianism and Eutychianism. Theodosius (401-450) ruled over Byzantium, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, based in Constantinople. Updates? He was the Eastern Roman Emperor. Nestorius was deposed by a church council in 431. Theodosius II was the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire during the first half of the fifth century. For another saint called Theodosius the Great living in the fifth-sixth centuries, see Theodosius the Great (Cenobiarch).. A military commander in the west, being a German and not eligible to be emperor, created an anti-Christian puppet named Eugenius, who announced that the hour of deliverance from Christianity was at hand. When Roman Africa fell to the Vandals in 439, both Eastern and Western Emperors sent forces to Sicily, intending to launch an attack on the Vandals at Carthage, but this project failed. He was a gentle, scholarly, easily dominated man who allowed his government to be run by a succession of relatives and ministers. Theodosius was born in 401 as the only son of Emperor Arcadius and his Frankish-born wife Aelia Eudoxia. 383-387 AD. Ended: Dec 27, 2020. Nestorius tried to find a middle ground between those who, emphasizing the fact that in Christ God had been born as a man, insisted on calling the Virgin Mary Theotokos ("birth-giver of God"), and those who rejected that title because God, as an eternal being, could not have been born. The eunuch Chrysaphius was executed shortly after by the new imperial couple. In 414, Theodosius' older sister Pulcheria was proclaimed augusta and assumed the guardianship of her brother. Theodosian Code. Media related to Theodosius II at Wikimedia Commons. The emperor did, however, have a hand in founding the University of Constantinople in 425 and in supervising compilation of the Theodosian Code (published 438), which codified the laws issued after 312. The war with Persia proved indecisive, and a peace was arranged in 422 without changes to the status quo. January 31, 438 C.E. Theodosius was born in the province of Gallaecia in northwestern Spain. B. The eunuch Chrysaphius also gained power as one of the emperor's favorites. A Catholic Christian, it said, was one who held that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are one Godhead and equal in majesty. ]—died July 28, 450), Eastern Roman emperor from 408 to 450. For the first time, a secular ruler submitted to the church. Theodosius ascended to the throne while he was a baby in 402. [5][6][7][8][9] The two had a daughter named Licinia Eudoxia, another named Flaccilla, and possibly a son called Arcadius. Only after his death in 450 would the decisions be reversed at the Council of Chalcedon. However, a conflict with a pretender caused civil war to soon break out. But conditions were about to get even better for the followers of Christianity. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Constantine made Christianity legal and ended any remaining persecution of it, but he did not go any further than that. The later wars of Theodosius were generally less successful. The Theodosian Code (in Latin, Codex Theodosianus) was a compilation of Roman Law authorized by Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II in the fifth century. Theodosius II (10 April 401 – July 28, 450), called the Calligrapher, was a Eastern Roman Emperor (408-450). Theodosius is perhaps more responsible for the massive spread of Christianity than either St Peter or St Paul, for the simple reason that religions and their denominations benefit from political backing to light the afterburners and tear free from the pack. Theodosius II was the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire during the first half of the fifth century. published, in a single volume (codex in Latin), the general laws of his Christian predecessors beginning with Constantine I (306 – 337 c.e.). When Theodosius consented, it marked a new chapter in the history of church and state. Theodosius' increasing interest in Christianity, fuelled by the influence of Pulcheria, allegedly led him to go to war against the Sassanids (421–422), who were persecuting Christians; the war ended in a stalemate, when the Romans were forced to accept peace as the Huns menaced Constantinople.[10]. He is known for the law code Codex Theodosianus produced during his reign and for the erection of the defensive walls for Constantinople known as the Theodosian Wall.. Life. Wars with the Huns, Vandals, and Persians, Learn how and when to remove this template message, http://www.roman-empire.net/constant/theodosius-II.html, "Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople", Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century. Theodosius’ policy of appeasing the mighty Hun leader Attila did not prevent massive Hun invasions of the Danubian provinces in 441–443 and 447. Theodosius II was born to the eastern emperor Arcadius and the empress Aelia Eudoxia in April of 401. Theodosius II was born on April 10, 401. Death of Theodosius II, killed by a fall from his horse while hunting, an event which brings about the accession of his sister Pulcheria, who has long been an advocate of orthodox Christianity. He stamped out the last vestiges of paganism, put an end to the Arian heresy in the empire, pacified the Goths, left a famous example of penitence for a crime, and reigned as a just and mighty Catholic emperor. His sister Pulcheria married Marcian, a domesticus under the influential general Aspar, thereby making him Emperor. Authority for the date: Standard encyclopedias. Theodosius was the first Christian emperor to systematically legislate paganism out of existence. Anatolius negotiated a peace agreement; the Huns withdrew in exchange for humiliating concessions, including an annual tribute of 2,100 Roman pounds (ca. Emperor Theodosius II, son of Arcadius and Eudoxia, publicly asked forgiveness for the sins of his parents. A separation ultimately occurred between the imperial couple around 443, with Eudocia's establishment in Jerusalem where she favoured monastic Monophysitism and Pulcheria reassuming an influential role. Theodosius II (402-450 CE) and Marcian (450-457 CE) Despite the Council of Nicea, Christianity continued to fragment despite the efforts of Eastern Emperors Theodosius II and his successor Marcian. 687 kg) of gold. Details about THEODOSIUS II, 1st Christian Cross Unaccompanied on Imperial Roman Coin c 410 AD See original listing. During 443 two Roman armies were defeated and destroyed by the Huns. In 429, Theodosius appointed a commission to collect all of the laws since the reign of Constantine I, and create a fully formalized system of law. At the request of Nestorius, the emperor called a council, which convened in Ephesus in 431. Ended: Dec 27, 2020. This council affirmed the title Theotokos and condemned Nestorius, who returned to his monastery in Syria and was eventually exiled to a remote monastery in Egypt. Details about THEODOSIUS II, 1st Christian Cross Unaccompanied on Imperial Roman Coin c 410 AD See original listing. Emperor Theodosius II, son of Arcadius and Eudoxia, publicly asked forgiveness for the sins of his parents. The first, erection of an impregnable wall around Constantinople (413), was actually the work of Anthemius. Argobast, the Frankish tutor of Valentinian II, at least indirectly caused his ward's death (Hodgkin, "Italy and Her Invaders", I, 590) and set up a rhetorician, Eugenius, in his stead (15 May, 392). Theodosius’ name is associated with three important projects. Theodosius helped to ensure that Christianity was the Empire's unchallenged religion, and this was to shape Europe and the Near East for centuries. Less than a century earlier, emperors were trying to wipe out the church. II, ‘Theodosius II, Executor of All the Precepts of Christianity’ in Karlheinz Deschner’s encyclopaedic history of the Church in 10-volumes, Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums, read the abridged translation of Volume I. Apart from ceasing any state sponsorship of paganism and putting some restrictions on public sacrifice, he did not limit the practice of pagan rites in any way. Another council was convoked in Ephesus in 449, later deemed a "robber synod" by Pope Leo I because of its tumultuous circumstances. Flavius Theodosius was born in April 401, the eldest son of Aelia Eudoxia and the Eastern Roman Emperor … Theodosius I AV Solidus. Theodosius ended his reign by defeating political enemies in the West, so that by late 394, he stood alone as emperor of a once-more united empire. Theodosius II (Latin language: Flavius Theodosius Junior Augustus;1 10 April 401 – 28 July 450),2 commonly surnamed Theodosius the Younger,3 or Theodosius the Calligrapher, was Byzantine Emperor from 408 to 450. Nestorius suggested the title Christotokos ("birth-giver of Christ") as a compromise, but it did not find acceptance with either faction. Section I: The Christian destruction of Europe’s artistic heritage . ), This page was last edited on 30 December 2020, at 10:18. Emperor Theodosius II’s legal code governing the Byzantium Empire established Christianity as the official religion and circumscribed the rights of Jews. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodosius-II, Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors - Biography of Aelia Eudocia. In 438 c.e. The son of the Eastern emperor Arcadius (reigned 383–408), he was made coemperor in 402 and became sole ruler of the East upon his father’s death in 408. Reign of Theodosius II (chapter of J. On 23 October 425, Valentinian III was installed as emperor of the West with the assistance of the magister officiorum Helion, with his mother taking an influential role. His grandparents, like his parents, were probably already Christians. Eugenius, although nominally a Christian, tried to unite the remains of paganism in his This should come as no real surprise — it is how human society generally works. When Theodosius I died … At various times during his reign, Theodosius sent armies against the Vandals of Africa, the Persians, and the Huns. The head's resemblance to portraits of other members of the Theodosian house identifies it as the only known sculpted representation of Theodosius II, emperor of the East from AD 408 to 450. Hugh Elton, "Imperial politics at the court of Theodosius II," in Andrew Cain (ed). His reign was marked by the promulgation of the Theodosian law code and the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople. He made pagan worship punishable by death. Almost twenty years later, the theological dispute broke out again, this time caused by the Constantinopolitan abbot Eutyches, who asserted the Monophysite view that Christ's divine and human nature were one. External links. He is mostly known for promulgating the Theodosian law code as well for the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople. Government was at first administered by the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius, under whose supervision the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople were constructed. Theodosius II, (born April 10, 401, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Tur. Theodosius II (Greek: Θεοδόσιος Βʹ, Theodósios II; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450), commonly called Theodosius the Younger[2] or the Calligrapher, was Roman emperor for most of his life, proclaimed augustus as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408. Winning bid: US $22.50 [ … Though initially supported by the emperor, Nestorius found a forceful opponent in Archbishop Cyril of Alexandria. Theodosius II (Greek: Θεοδόσιος Βʹ, Theodósios II; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450), commonly called Theodosius the Younger or the Calligrapher, was Roman emperor for most of his life, proclaimed augustus as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408. "Heretical" churches such as Coptic, Ethiopian, Eritrean, Syica, Armenian Apostolic, and Malankara appeared and many would survive into modern times. Christianity: bringer of darkness . At first the able Anthemius, praetorian prefect of the East, was regent for young Theodosius. To strengthen the ties between the two parts of the empire, Theodosius' daughter Licinia Eudoxia was betrothed to Valentinian. Theodosius' decision was the result of his upbringing: he was reared in a Christian home, perhaps the first emperor to … According to Procopius, the Sasanian king Yazdegerd I (399-420) was appointed by Arcadius as the guardian of Theodosius, whom Yazdegerd treated as his own child, sending a tutor to raise him and warning that enmity toward him would be taken as enmity toward Persia.[4]. Already in January 402 he was proclaimed co-augustus by his father, thus becoming the youngest person ever to bear this title in Roman history. Theodosius died from injuries suffered during a hunting accident. Theodosius II was the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire during the first half of the fifth century. Valentinian II himself died in May 392 AD, and Theodosius became the ruler of both halves of the Roman Empire. Among the subjects were law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music and rhetoric. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C. Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century (third ed.). Seeing the Imperial borders without significant forces, the Huns and Sassanid Persia both attacked and the expeditionary force had to be recalled. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the Empire; he failed … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. This day in Jewish history / The Navy's 'Kindly Old Gentleman' is born This day in Jewish history / Translator of Yiddish Medieval romance dies ]—died July 28, 450), Eastern Roman emperor from 408 to 450. Theodosius was born in 401 as the only son of Emperor Arcadius and his Frankish-born wife Aelia Eudoxia. Theodosius. By 416 the guardianship ended, but his sister remained a strong influence on him. Early in Theodosius II's reign Romans used internal Hun discord to overcome Uldin's invasion of the Balkans. [11] In 447 the Huns went through the Balkans, destroying among others the city of Serdica (Sofia) and reaching Athyra (Büyükçekmece) on the outskirts of Constantinople. In 423, the Western Emperor Honorius, Theodosius' uncle, died and the primicerius notariorum Joannes was proclaimed emperor. His daughter Licinia Eudoxia married the Western Roman emperor Valentinian III (reigned 425–455). Honorius' sister Galla Placidia and her young son Valentinian fled to Constantinople to seek Eastern assistance and after some deliberation in 424 Theodosius opened the war against Joannes. In June 421, Theodosius married Aelia Eudocia, a woman of Greek origin. London: John Murray. By that stage Christianity was by far the most popular religion in the Empire and paganism was clearly dying out. He is mostly known for promulgating the Theodosian law code, and for the construction of the Theodosian Walls of … Nathan, Geoffrey, "Theodosius II (408–450 A.D.)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodosius_II&oldid=997181788, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DCBL with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Dominus Noster Flavius Theodosius Augustus. He was accused of separating Christ's divine and human natures, resulting in "two Christs", a heresy later called Nestorianism. Theodosius I (FLAVIUS THEODOSIUS), Roman Emperor, b. in Spain, about 346; d. at Milan, January 17, 395.Theodosius is one of the sovereigns by universal consent called Great. The front of the coin depicts Theodosius II (r. 402-450 CE) [all dates CE unless otherwise specified], emperor of the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire, while the rear features a wedding scene. "Theodosius II., emperor". (Theodosius was last man to be sole emperor of roman empire) Eutyches was condemned by Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople but found a powerful friend in Cyril's successor Dioscurus of Alexandria. S. Crogiez-Pétrequin, P. Jaillette, J.-M. Poinsotte (eds. Chapter in the history of church and state government to be run by a dispute over outbreak. 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