“Joseph Anton is a splendid book, the finest new memoir to cross my desk in many a year. In the meantime, Rushdie seemed content to endorse the Anglo-American assault on Afghanistan, and, claiming that another "war of liberation might just be one worth fighting", hailed the CIA-sponsored conman Ahmad Chalabi as "the most likely first leader of a democratised Iraq". This is an audio summary of Joseph Anton: A Memoir by Salman Rushdie. Things have "gone very wrong", he recently told Foreign Policy. 1€ Infolettre - Le mot d'Esprit. I just do not understand. Nous voudrions effectuer une description ici mais le site que vous consultez ne nous en laisse pas la possibilité. Joseph Anton is hardly a conventional memoir. by Damien Echols Nonfiction. Search. It makes you sympathise. 636pp, Cape, t £23 (plus £1.35 P&p) Buy now from Telegraph Books (RRP £25, ebook, £22.39), Rembrandt hung high for safekeeping returns to view, Six Nations will go ahead despite ban on sport with UK teams, says French Rugby Federation, Brighton's Jason Steele atones for error with penalty heroics to deny Newport another famous night, Chris Froome wants ‘to get back to top level’ after leaving Team Ineos for Israel Start-Up Nation, Ole Gunnar Solksjaer plays a straight bat ahead of week in which actions not words will count, Mikel Arteta praises Pablo Mari as Arsenal find ballast at the back. 4 an engrossing, exciting, revealing and often shocking book.”—de Volkskrant (The Netherlands) “One of the best memoirs you may ever read.”—DNA (India) “Extraordinary . Another of Rushdie’s literary heroes, Jorge Luis Borges, wrote a story about a … We need his sequel. AN Wilson on Salman Rushdie's memoir, 'Joseph Anton' By An Wilson 21 September 2012 • 17:00 pm . Touching, Narcissistic, pleasurable, un-rushdiesque, all at the same time! December 9, 2012 by onelinerreviews. Salman … It begins on St Valentine’s Day 1989, when “the excrement hit the ventilation system”. WILD. Referensi Artikel bertopik novel ini adalah sebuah rintisan. “You saw an illusion and you destroyed your family for it,” his third wife told him bitterly. NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY San Francisco Chronicle • Newsweek/The Daily Beast • The Seattle Times • The Economist • Kansas City Star • BookPage On February 14, 1989, Valentine’s Day, Salman Rushdie was telephoned by a BBC journalist and told that he had been “sentenced to death” by the Ayatollah Khomeini. “Joseph Anton is a splendid book, the finest new memoir to cross my desk in many a year. His memoir Joseph Anton — which touches briefly on his pre-fatwa years before he was whisked away by British cops and sheltered by a network of literary luminaries — derives its title from Rushdie’s fugitive alias, a combination of the first names of Conrad and Chekhov. Abonnez-vous à partir de . On page 609, Joseph Anton has no good answer to the question, "Who have you ever made happy?" Review Posted Online: Sept. 30th, 2012. And William Styron's genitalia are unexpectedly on display one convivial evening at Martha's Vineyard. She slept with his best friend, Bill Buford, rented a house in America without telling him and, like a true assassin, gave an interview to the Sunday Times about his vanity and arrogance. With: 0 Comments. Salman Rushdie landed himself in controversy with his novel The Satanic Verses. But, arguably, it is the institutionalised procedures of torture, rendition, indefinite detention, extrajudicial execution through drones, secret trials and surveillance that have emerged in the west as the more serious threat to civil and human rights. MARBLES. . . "We fell for the idea," Michael Ignatieff admitted last week, speaking for many liberal intellectuals, not to mention quasi-racist right-wingers, "that the ayatollah was speaking for the whole faith." Written in the third person, like a novel, Joseph Anton has the effect of distancing its author from its subject. The long list of betrayers, carpers and timorous publishers includes Robert Gottlieb, Peter Mayer, John le Carré, Sonny Mehta, the Independent (evidently the "house journal for British Islam"), Germaine Greer, John Berger and assorted policemen "who believed he had done nothing of value in his life". . His home was now a series of safe houses in England which, incredibly and wrongly, he had to find and pay for. Praise for Joseph Anton “A harrowing, deeply felt and revealing document: ... Rushdie’s eye is a camera lens —firmly placed in one perspective and never out of focus.”—Los Angeles Review of Books “Unflinchingly honest . . Literary fame is the ficklest. Joseph Anton is the assumed name that Salman Rushdie took to conceal his identity during the time he was facing the Fatwa from Muslim clerics across the world for writing the book Satanic Verses. BEST NONFICTION OF 2012: MEMOIR: Nonfiction. "The world of Islam," he reminds us he had written in 2001, "must take on board the secularist-humanist principles on which the modern is based"; in 2011 "the young people of the Arab world" "tried to transform their societies according to exactly these principles". Finaliste du prix Médicis étranger 2012 qui sera décerné la semaine prochaine, Joseph Anton, une autobiographie, de Salman Rushdie, est un des livres marquants de cette rentrée littéraire. (It perhaps has an echo, too, of Kafka’s Joseph K., that other victim of interminable persecution.) Review. But then authorial intentions barely seemed to matter to readers bringing to the book their own particular backgrounds, worldviews and prejudices. Tag Archives: Joseph anton review Post navigation Joseph Anton: A memoir by Salman Rushdie. Joseph Anton will not automatically convert them. "You own the present," Rushdie appealed unsuccessfully to the Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, "but the centuries belong to art." décembre 2012. In Joseph Anton, however, Rushdie continues to reveal an unwillingness or inability to grasp them, or to abandon the conceit, useful in fiction but misleading outside it, that the personal is the geopolitical. AN Wilson on Salman Rushdie's memoir, 'Joseph Anton' By An Wilson 21 September 2012 • 17:00 pm . Joseph Anton – a sort of review. He had become an “ugly drunk” obsessed by what was happening to him. Praise for Joseph Anton ... Rushdie’s eye is a camera lens —firmly placed in one perspective and never out of focus.”—Los Angeles Review of Books “Unflinchingly honest . Joseph Anton: Review of Joseph Anton by Salman Rushdie, plus back-story and other interesting facts about the book. by Damien Echols Nonfiction. Like the heroine of his cherished One Thousand and One Nights, he has not stopped telling his story: of who he is, where he came from, why he wrote The Satanic Verses. It was "an artistic engagement with the phenomenon of revelation", albeit from the perspective of an "unbeliever", but "a proper one nonetheless. He begins by narrating the genesis of the book that leads to the Fatwa. Salman Rushdie landed himself in controversy with his novel The Satanic Verses. For instance, his belief in “The Illusion” who became his fourth wife, the model and television chef Padma Lakshmi, whom he met beneath the Statue of Liberty (“everyone was dazzled by her beauty”) ­– and who soon after, no doubt because of her association with him, made the cover of French Playboy in the nude. One Liner Reviews Rating: 3.0/5 | Tagged Joseph Anton, Joseph anton review, Salman Rushdie, Salman Rushdie autobiography | Leave a comment Post navigation. Cuttingly titled "His Millenarian Illusion", the chapter about his marriage to Padma Lakshmi tries to show that his fourth wife's "grand ambition and secret plans" for wealth and fame had "nothing to do with the fulfilment of his deepest needs". A naive beguilement rather than sly irony frames Rushdie's accounts of hanging out with such very famous people as Jerry Seinfeld and Calista Flockhart. It stongly recommend everybody to read it. After one "lovely evening" at Chequers, where the singer Mick Hucknall's "hot girlfriend" is distractingly present, Anton confesses to a "soft spot" for Tony Blair. The memoir revisits his years in hiding. Praise for Joseph Anton “A harrowing, deeply felt and revealing document: ... Rushdie’s eye is a camera lens —firmly placed in one perspective and never out of focus.”—Los Angeles Review of Books “Unflinchingly honest . Identifiez-vous. But this is such an extraordinary work that I feel compelled to share my opinion, even if clumsily. “Joseph Anton” is the story behind the story for those of us old enough to remember what happened. But the question suffered from many misunderstandings about Rushdie's position and role as an expatriate novelist from a former imperial possession. Rushdie’s fundamental belief in free speech is a faith like any other; as is his belief in women. Joseph calls Zionsville, PA, home. I suggested the Greek Orthodox church in Bayswater, where I too would be going for the memorial service of our mutual friend, Bruce Chatwin. JOSEPH ANTON … #Divers. LIFE AFTER DEATH. Rushdie’s portrait of Marianne Wiggins is a masterpiece. Review Joseph Anton: A Memoir. Salman Rushdie : Joseph Anton, une autobiographie. By: On: October 14, 2012. . It is an emphatic portrayal of a very gifted writer and his writing talent. "Joseph Anton conveys a clear and shaming picture of his ordeal -- the soul-numbing humiliations of a subterranean existence, the scurrying from one safehouse to another, and the endless negotiations with security staff for a few slivers of ordinary life. by Ellen Forney Nonfiction. The reader is fully on Rushdie's side, and outraged when, in one of the book's few superbly rendered scenes, fear and confusion force him to re-embrace Islam before some Muslim scholars/busybodies. Maybe growing up with Hindi films with God in special appearance, or a dream sequence did that to me. Search. Review of Joseph Anton: A Memoir. by Caitlin Moran Nonfiction. Review of The Hours author's latest book wins inaugural hatchet job award. All this was also on the front pages into which, as Martin Amis famously remarked, Rushdie "vanished" soon after the fatwa. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. It gets very tedious in the middle of those 633 pages. par. THE OLD WAYS. The second longest intra-nation war of the 20th century, which killed nearly one million Iranians, also entrenched the Basij militia and Revolutionary Guards, made life harder for the moderates who cancelled Khomeini's fatwa, and eventually helped bring Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to power. Joseph Anton - a pseudonym conjured by the author joining first names of Joseph Conrad and Anton Chekov - tries to be different things at the same time and succeeds brilliantly. . Read Full Summary Primarily a memoir about the almost decade long siege Salman Rushdie was under due to the Fatwa, it is also an eloquent treatise for free speech and its value to the world where it has increasingly come under attack. Sentenced to death by a turban in Qom, Rushdie has done his utmost to keep a drowsy world awake. "You set out sincerely to change my life for the better," he writes, and though this "may not quite cancel out the invasion of Iraq", it does weigh in his "personal scales". Report. Nearly 70 per cent of Bolton's Muslim population turned up for Britain's first major demonstration against the book. Review of Joseph Anton: A Memoir. Since Egyptians and Tunisians have subsequently elected Islamic parties to power, Rushdie has now changed his mind. A peevish righteousness comes to pervade the memoir as Rushdie routinely and often repetitively censures those who criticised or disagreed with him. The memoir talks about the long period that author was living in hiding, protected by the British security. Ostensibly deployed as a distancing device, the third-person narration frequently makes for awkward self-regard ("The clouds thickened over his head. Not just individuals, entire countries, even races are judged, and frequently found wanting. There are fascinating details about Rushdie's parents in the memoir's early pages, which also appealingly evoke his years as a struggling writer with his first wife, Clarissa; few readers would fail, later in the book, to be moved by the account of her death and Rushdie's grief-tinged recall of his superseded self. Also, outside Britain, Anton "was seen as likeable, funny, brave, talented and worthy of respect". Who remembers Mrs Humphry Ward, once the most famous writer in the world, ranked by Tolstoy as England’s greatest and her name familiar to tribesmen in India for novels like Helbeck of Bannisdale? Client Review of Lawyer Joseph Anton Fette If this lawyer has assisted you in a legal matter, we invite you to share your insights on their services and offer an opinion on whether you would recommend them. Joseph's personal network of family, friends, associates & neighbors include James Wilkerson, Robert Lindstedt, Leslie Boggs, Jesse Farnham and Natalie Valentin. Other names that Joseph uses includes Joseph Anton Valdez Yu. Start a free 30-day trial today and get your first audiobook free. Early in Joseph Anton Salman Rushdie contrasts the Christian poles of Guilt and Redemption with the Islamic ones of Honour and Shame, and indeed this memoir of a cultural Muslim is not short of examples of the latter. Salman Rushdie’s Joseph Anton: A Memoir is an engaging account of Rushdie’s life in the aftermath of the fatwa issued against him in 1989 (in effect, the Ayatollah Khomeini sentenced him to death for blasphemy against the Prophet for his novel, The Satanic Verses). There are sections where the narrative soars, and more than a few in which it … As he wrote in 1990, defending The Satanic Verses: "'Battle lines are being drawn in India today,' one of my characters remarks. But he found that his sentences could still form … his imagination still spark"). At the same time, western states, after waging calamitously ill-conceived wars that killed and mutilated hundreds of thousands of Muslims, pursue a face-saving deal with people described by Rushdie as "fascist, terrorist gangsters" – the Taliban. In reality, there was little in common between Rushdie, an atheistic, Cambridge-educated upper-class intellectual from Bombay, and the devout guest-worker from Anatolia (representative of the mostly working-class Muslims of rural origins who had been imported to service Europe's post-war economies), or the Pakistani trade unionist chased out by the torturers of Zia ul-Haq, the CIA-backed radical Islamist who had spent most of the 1980s facilitating an anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan. Visit www.PoliticsBookMix.com for more politics book reviews! In fact, it was Saddam Hussein who invaded Iran, and then assaulted it with chemical weapons, with the consent, even support, of western countries. He, growing up in the Muslim culture, had never heard that wordnor had the rest of the Western world. . It is written in the third person, a conceit that works well enough as a way of recounting the alienating experience of living under cover while hearing one's real name condemned by Muslim leaders world-wide. Visit www.PoliticsBookMix.com for more politics book reviews! Summary: Joseph Verheggan was born on 05/09/1952 and is 68 years old. World wide shipping "For 20 years we provide a free and legal service for free sheet music. PoliticsBookReviews. 8 years ago | 34 views. The book is beautifully written. Kirkus Reviews Issue: Oct. 15th, 2012. Identifiez-vous. As Tony Blair of all people put it: “You can’t muck around with something like this.”. Joseph Anton, the nom de guerre for Salman Rushdie during his years under police protection, is the answer for those of us who wondered and worried about Rushdie after the ayatollah Khomeini put a price on his head in 1989. "Of course this is 'about Islam'," Rushdie quickly retorted in a New York Times op-ed to those who argued that 9/11 "isn't about Islam", or like Susan Sontag, a loyal friend and supporter, described the attacks as "a consequence of specific American alliances and actions", such as the support of Saudi Arabia and fundamentalists in Afghanistan. A joke even reached Hobart: “What’s blonde, has big tits and lives in Tasmania? Praise for Joseph Anton ... Rushdie’s eye is a camera lens —firmly placed in one perspective and never out of focus.”—Los Angeles Review of Books “Unflinchingly honest . As such, it was naturally opposed and superior to the "unarguable absolutes of religion" and incomprehensible to the Muslims protesting against his book – people prone to "mass popular irrationalism". by Kurt Vonnegut Nonfiction. Attacked for having defamed the Prophet, Rushdie withdrew from the terrain of history and politics he had previously staked, insisting that his novel was a "work of art", and not reducible to an anti-Islam polemic. The Indian government rashly obliged, prohibiting the novel's importation (though copies were already in circulation). He accuses Khomeini of taking "his country into a useless war with its neighbours" and sees more evidence of Muslim irrationalism in the frenzied mourning provoked in Iran by the old fanatic's death. Better you choose which side you are on.' Touching, Narcissistic, pleasurable, un-rushdiesque, all at the same time! Some Kashmiris in Srinagar, fighting a corrupt and brutal Indian rule, found in the book another pretext to ventilate their rage, and a differently motivated crowd of Pakistani protesters attacked the American Center in Islamabad, claiming the first of many lives consumed by a fast-spreading global wildfire. WILD. The name Joseph Anton is one the police forced him to invent and use for his own protection. I had read some bad reviews, specifically in The Guardian. Joseph Anton is full of similar pronouncements—observations that, however laudable, are somewhat quaint. by Robert Macfarlane Nonfiction. . I was not yet a … Under the threat of death, Salman Rushdie has written the sentences of his life in his long-awaited memoir Joseph Anton, argues Nicholas Shakespeare. Another of Rushdie’s literary heroes, Jorge Luis Borges, wrote a story about a man who has an accident that enables him to remember everything that ever happened to him. A similar longing for self-affirmation fuels Rushdie's geopolitical analysis, where an obsession with the "poison" of "actually existing Islam" suppresses all nuance suggested by political and historical facts. One would respect Rushdie's wish to decline close scrutiny of a radioactive history and politics that have caused him so much distress. Like “Funes the Memorious”, Rushdie tells it in great detail. "America," we are told, "had made it impossible for Britain to walk away from his defence." Yet the memoir, at 650 pages, often feels too long, over-dependent on Rushdie's journals, and unquickened by hindsight, or its prose. They killed Rushdie’s Japanese translator and shot his Norwegian publisher three times in the back; and only this week the bounty on his life was increased to £2 million. Outside the ring of steel formed by his close friends, many find it easy to misrepresent Rushdie as a once-great writer who has allowed the mercury of fame to spread into his prose, a “party monster” and celebrity victim who has immatured with age, like his fellow British-Indian literary knight V S Naipaul, and whose greatest thrill these days is to swap sunglasses with Bono on stage at Wembley. Iranian agents killed Shapour Bakhtiar, the Shah’s prime minister, in Paris. Choral Sheet music › Choral SSAATTBB › Joseph Anton Bruckner . When the British government gave Salman … The fatwa was no idle threat. I hesitated to review this book because my prose pale in comparison to those of Salman Rushdie. It makes you sympathise. Summary: Joseph Valdez Yu is 32 years old and was born on 01/01/1988. Esprit vous offre encore : 3 visites Déjà abonné ? Joseph Anton - a pseudonym conjured by the author joining first names of Joseph Conrad and Anton Chekov - tries to be different things at the same time and succeeds brilliantly. Michael Cunningham's novel … He amusingly quotes the newly elected Playmate of the Year respectfully saying to him, at the Playboy Mansion in Los Angeles: “I’m sorry, sir, I haven’t read any of your books.”. It was on Valentine’s Day in 1989 that Salman Rushdie awakened to a phone call from a BBC reporter who asked him how it felt to be sentenced to a Fatwah by the Ayatollah Khomeini. "Politics and literature," Salman Rushdie wrote in 1984, in what now seems an innocent time, "do mix, are inextricably mixed, and that … mixture has consequences." No wonder there were sightings of him in far-flung places. Praise for Joseph Anton ... Rushdie’s eye is a camera lens —firmly placed in one perspective and never out of focus.”—Los Angeles Review of Books “Unflinchingly honest . KURT VONNEGUT. Commenté au Royaume-Uni le 12 février 2014. Tagged: Joseph Anton, Review, Salman Rushdie. The following month South Africa proscribed the book. Joseph Anton, obscuring these stumbles, presents Rushdie as confidently in step with the march of history. Photograph: Sipa Press/Rex Features, the Sri Lankan strongman Mahinda Rajapaksa. . Since February 14 1989, Rushdie, an articulate, intelligent and sympathetic man, has watched an avalanche of dung being spread over his name and work. Follow. Happily, the book narrates a truth far greater, far more relevant. Joseph Anton is hardly a conventional memoir. Sentenced to death by an Iranian theocrat, Rushdie himself would embody the perils of mixing politics and literature in an interconnected and volatile world, where, as Paul Valéry once warned, "nothing can ever happen again without the whole world's taking a hand" and where "no one will ever be able to predict or circumscribe the almost immediate consequences of any undertaking whatever.". He has dared to go on and on, ceaselessly reminding us of the barbaric and unacceptable response to that imaginative fiction, and to convince the progressive world, whatever it might think of Rushdie and his work, that it really has no choice but to join his friends’ protective ring. Small darts are also flung at James Wood, "the malevolent Procrustes of literary criticism", Arundhati Roy, Joseph Brodsky, Louis de Bernières and many others. According to him, "the restoration of religion to the sphere of the personal, its depoliticisation, is the nettle that all Muslim societies must grasp in order to become modern.". Joseph Anton by Salman Rushdie: review. . And the book is, too: It offers a snapshot of literary and cultural production from a different era. Durham, NC, is where Joseph Valdez Yu lives today. Titled Joseph Anton, it talks to us about how life changed for Rushdie post Fatwa in 1989, for his book ‘Satanic Verses’. No wonder he disguised himself in a wig when shopping in Knightsbridge. His wives themselves are described much less flatteringly as gold-diggers or nags, squeezing Anton for more alimony or progeny. Oddly, Anton seems to require no such moral balancing for the Sri Lankan strongman Mahinda Rajapaksa, who is commended for resisting Iranian pressure and green-lighting the filming of Midnight's Children; the responsibility of this authoritarian president and his brother in the massacre of tens of thousands of Tamil Hindus is passed over in silence. It is a tragedy when anyone has to hide behind a fake name out of fear. As with the film Innocence of Muslims last week, news of the novel's alleged insult to Islam travelled speedily to politically combustible regions. In his memoir, where Rushdie bizarrely decides to write about himself, or "Joseph Anton", his Conrad-and-Chekhov-inspired alias, in the third person, he repeatedly points to his early intuitions and warnings about the atrocity suffered by the west on 9/11. En lire plus. Back in 1989, he claims, "nobody wanted to know what he knew" – that a "self-exculpatory, paranoiac Islam is an ideology with widespread appeal" – and we didn't get this even after the terrorist attacks on 9/11, which, among other things, vindicated his critically ill-treated but evidently prophetic novel Fury. To be addressed as Joe in his own Page 1/3. MARBLES. Unable to comprehend that artistic license & critical thought could be turned toward the Islamic faith and its prophet, Mohamed, Khomeini declared a 'fatwa' on … Fanatics and fundamentalists, non-Muslim as well as Muslim, remain a blight on many South Asian and Middle Eastern societies; sometimes, they violently disrupt public life in the west. My last image of Salman the free novelist, before his transformation into “Satan Rushdie” the wanted man, was of him being bundled into Alan Yentob's car after the service. Other names that Joseph uses includes Anton M Joseph, Joesph H Anton, Joe Anton, Jose Anton and Joe S Anton. by Salman Rushdie. Politics Book Review: Joseph Anton: A Memoir by Salman Rushdie. The third person writing is simply a reinforcement of the understanding that Salman Rushdie is not truly “Joseph Anton”, a name he chose from Conrad and Chekhov as his security code name. Rushdie engagingly reveals the autobiographical energies that went into the making of such novels as The Satanic Verses and Fury. While working on The Satanic Verses, Rushdie wrote all-too-presciently in his diary that if he ever finished the novel, “there will be nothing left to write about, except of course, the whole of human life”. 8 years ago | 34 views. About Joseph Anton. “Against ruthlessness, remembering was the only defence,” he writes. "Works of art, even works of entertainment," he had pointed out in 1984, "do not come into being in a social and political vacuum; and … the way they operate in a society cannot be separated from politics, from history. Journaliste pour la presse économique, elle a vécu en Inde et en Belgique. by Robert Macfarlane Nonfiction. I recently listened to Salman Rushdie’s memoir, entitled Joseph Anton (Amazon affiliate link), which is a general overview of his life with a particular focus on the time he spent hiding from a fatwa declared against him by Ayatollah Khomeini. Joseph Anton, the memoir is complex. . . No text in our time has had contexts more various and illuminating than The Satanic Verses, or mixed politics and literature more inextricably, and with deeper consequences for so many. His memoir Joseph Anton — which touches briefly on his pre-fatwa years before he was whisked away by British cops and sheltered by a network of literary luminaries — derives its title from Rushdie’s fugitive alias, a combination of the first names of Conrad and Chekhov. This will help others decide whether the lawyer may be a good fit for their needs. It is a worrisome account of a principled piece of literature pulled into an extremely unfortunate situation. The memoir talks about the long period that author was living in hiding, protected by the British security. . When i was younger, and far more hard headed and terribly more cynical, i found the realm of Magic Realism to be strange. For every text, a context." décembre 2012. by Cheryl Strayed Nonfiction. Listen to "Joseph Anton A Memoir" by Salman Rushdie available from Rakuten Kobo. Finaliste du prix Médicis étranger 2012 qui sera décerné la semaine prochaine, Joseph Anton, une autobiographie, de Salman Rushdie, est un des livres marquants de cette rentrée littéraire. In Iran itself a mass movement drawing on Islamic notions of justice and morality has ranged itself against Khomeini's discredited heirs. Much more affecting is Rushdie’s grapple with his childhood. He has a cartoonist’s tic of describing those who defend him as “great” or “legendary”, those who do not as “malevolent gnomes” or, in the case of Roald Dahl, “a long, unpleasant man with huge strangler’s hands”; and those who sleep with him as “beautiful”. No one, however, weaponised the novel with more devastating effect than Iran's chief cleric, then bloodily consolidating his young theocracy and Iran's claims to global Muslim leadership after a catastrophic eight-year war with Iraq.

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