Agriculture Field Officer(IBPS-AFO). Online Agriculture Test Series, Previous Year Question Paper Learn about our remote access options, Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan. Investigation of the bacterial retting community of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) under different conditions using next-generation semiconductor sequencing. Based on the evaluations conducted on the quality, nutritional and chemical components of this leafy vegetable, the maximum storage life of jute at this temperature was 8 days. Jute is an eco-friendly and bio-degradable natural product with no adverse effect on the environment. Tank retting, by contrast, employs vats usually made of concrete, requires about four to six days, and is feasible in any season. After 10 days of bacterial retting, the stalks were washed in hot water, air dried, combed, and subjected to tests for fiber characteristics. A detailed description of the process of jute retting is given. • The pond can be used for fish cum paddy culture after retting. Summary: A total of 1,438 colonies of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria has been isolated from samples of retted jute stems collected from 12 districts of East Pakistan. River basins or alluvial or loamy soils are best for jute cultivation. After this, stripping, rinsing, washing and cleaning of … Within two to three … JUTE Introduction: Important natural fibre crop. Natural water retting employs stagnant or slow-moving waters, such as ponds, bogs, and slow streams and rivers. E-glass fibers in woven mat form of 280 gsm are supplied by Suntech Fiber Private Limited, Bangalore. [1] Tank retting. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, Jute retting process is one of the important responsible factors for quality of jute fiber. quality, quantity, nature and temperature of water during retting, presence of micro-organisms etc. (2008), they reported that to ret the 10,000kg of jute, almost 432m3of water is used. According to Mondal et al. Which country rank first in both area and production of jute in world. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. 30: Rib boning process is related to: Jute: 31: Beat- Break-jerk method used for: Fiber extraction: 32: National Institute for Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology is situated at : Kolkata Reinforcing Potential of Enzymatically Modified Natural Fibers. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. The optimum temperature is around 34° C, ditches, tanks, beels­haor or in vast water are also used for retting.                Plain land or gentle slope … Fiber characteristics … The optimum temperature is around 34°C. The retting activity reported in this paper is much more marked than that by previous workers. Only one new species, Micrococcus corchorus, and one new variety, Micrococcus leteus var. Jute Crop All Important Over retting results in dazed weak fiber. Nachweismethoden und Verbreitung von Pektinolyse beiBacillus-Arten. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Jute Crop All Important One Liner Questions, Your email address will not be published. Jute requires 160–200 cm of rainfall weekly with extra needed during the sowing period. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. In retting process, a large amount of water is used. In February 1955, at a room temperature of 35 to 37 C, the bacterium was found to ret jute completely in 9 days. Retting of jute grown in arsenic contaminated area and consequent arsenic pollution in surface water bodies. Retting is facilitated by anaerobic butyric acid bacteria such as Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of … Bidirectional Jute fiber mats of thickness 0.4 mm are purchased from Chandra Prakash & Co. Jaipur, India. Working off-campus? Natural water retting = A type of water retting. Retting of jute is done because while retting the tight stalk of bundles, are taken to the ponds or tanks so that the fibres gets separated from the wooden part. Responsible for the Accelaration of Jute Retting. Temperatures ranging to more than 25 °C and relative humidity of 70%–90% are favorable for successful cultivation. retting in jute and sunnhemp 1. Your email address will not be published. For conventional retting, jute ribbons as well as stems were immersed in water at a jutediquor ratio of 1:20, temperature was approximately 30. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. plant retting of jute and mesta has certain demerits. Retting time must be carefully judged;… In India  which state has first position both in area and production, Planting time of white jute _________in low and mid lands, Planting time of yellow to red jute _________in mid and uplands, JRC-321 (Sonali), JRC-212 (Sabuj sona), JRC7447 (Shyamli) are the variety of, Optimum temperature required for retting is about, National Institute for Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology is situated at, It is a microbial process in which aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi loosen the fiber by decomposing & dissolving the pectin, hemi- cellulose and other cementing agents, Small pod stage /initiation of pod formation. Another type of water retting. Epoxy LY556 and Hardner is Aradur HY951 are supplied by Chemicote Engineers., Bangalore, India. Active retting strains have been found to lose their retting activity, and it has been concluded that this loss may follow either from loss of adaptive enzymes or from mutations. New Agriculture Vacancies • The strength of fibre is very poor. Good retting: 29: Optimum temperature required for retting is about: 34 °C. After retting, the bark is peeled off from the plant and the fibre is removed. • Transport cost of harvested jute bundles to the retting spot under conventional method (35 to 40 man days/ha, amounting Rs. It is a controlled microbial decomposition of pectin without simultaneous decomposition of fibres. The jute bast from Corchorus capsularis Zhonghuangma No. Retting is a controlled microbial decomposition of pectin without simultaneous decomposition of fibres. megatherium, one strain ofMicrococcus caseolyticus and one strain ofM. Among the aerobes and facultative anaerobes, B. subtilis has been found to be the most common and B. macerans, B. polymyxa, Micrococcus corchorus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa the most active retting agents in East Pakistan. Whole sterns were retted for 14 days and ribbons for 9 days. Raw material for packaging industries. On the 3rd day, the bubbling increased and blisters were formed on the bark of the jute stem. Bacterial retting was done in troughs at a temperature of 30 ± 2°C. Jute: 27: Retting is completes within : 8-30 days. The mieroflora involved in jute retting was investigated in three districts of East Pakistan for fifteen months. Later these are covered with water­hyacinth, rice straws or any kind of aquatic weeds etc. are the controlling factors of jute retting. INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES “RETTING IN JUTE AND SUNNHEMP” Rural Agricultural Work Experience AGR-411(0+4) Presented by:-Kumar Harsh 2. Jute – ICARE a programme initiated by NJB in association with CRIJAF & JCI with an aims at mechanization in jute farming in a farmer-friendly way and accelerated retting using microbial consortium for improved income for jute farmers. Onthe 2nd day, slight bubbling occurred in the water of the tube. They were air dried … For this purpose, stems of fibre yielding plants are immersed in water for a long period where decomposition sets in. Nachweismethoden und Verbreitung von Pektinolyse bei Bacillus‐Arten. 3500 to 4000) will be eliminated in this method. Most of the defects in fiber are due to faulty retting. NABARD Norms Solar Photo Voltaic Pumping System. Gently flowing, fairly deep, clear and soft water is ideal for retting. Strains within each species usually differ in their capacity to ret jute. No changewasseen on the stem one dayafter inoculation. Review of Some Factors Influencing Jute Fiber Quality. Jute cultivation in red soils may require high dose of manure and pH range between 4.8 and 5.8 is best for its cultivation. 28: Slow moving clear water best for. For this purpose, stems of fibre yielding plants are immersed in water for long period where decomposition sets in. They probably enter stems over the whole surface through stomata, as well as through cut ends and leaf scars, after immersion for retting. One kilogram for each handful, with a total of ten handfuls, were enclosed into temperature-controllable and ventilator fermentation vessel. subtilis, three strains ofB. Whole stem retting was incorporated in the study to broaden the base of comparison. On the contrary, Ruan et al. The stalk bundles are weighted down, usually with stones or wood, for about 8 to 14 days, depending upon water temperature and mineral content. The new gray alluvial soil of good depth, receiving salt from annual floods, is best for jute. Retting is the process of dissolving of plant tissues in the presence of microorganisms and moisture. washed, air dried, and combed. Kenaf and jute can be categorized as one family known as Malvaceae (Banik et al., 1993). Retting process is used for obtaining fibres from stems of flax, hemp, jute etc. The end point of retting is determined by inspecting few stems, each day from tenth day … Required fields are marked *, How many types of cultivated species of jute, Leaf is bitter in taste of white jute is  due to. The water samples were New questions in Environmental Sciences +27710971100 SSD CHEMICAL FOR CLEAN BLACK MONEY IN GAUTENG, LIMPOPO, MPUMALANGA, NORTH WEST, SSD Chemical Solution used to clean all type of black mo … ney, tainted and defaced … This employs stagnant or slow-moving waters, such as ponds, bogs, and slow streams and rivers. The retting behavior was as follows. Identification of Micrococcus sp. A Review: Maceration in Relation to the Post‐harvest Handling and Processing of Plant Material. Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. • The quality of fibre will be improved at least by 2 to 3 grade. liquefaciens, are reported; these will be described elsewhere. • The fibre is black in colour with poor lusture. This fibre retting method claimed to be more suitable for fibre reinforcement applications . Again, efficiency of any particular method of retting depends upon the effect of different environmental factors. vii. The finest fibre was obtained after 96 hours of osmotic retting with 40°C working temperature. Learn more. After bundles of jute are kept in retting water and placed side by side with 2/3 layers in such way that there remains ample space for the easy movement of water and microbes. Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved with Bacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. Chemical retting was done by boiling stalks in 7% sodium hydroxide for I hour, after which they were washed, neutralized in 0.2% acetic acid. 1. Applications of pectinases in the commercial sector: a review. 1). Bundles of jute stems are kept in water for about 2 to 3 weeks for retting. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. Ditches, tanks and pools are also used for retting. Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie. Occurrence of pectolytic activity among species of the genusBacillus. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Therefore, their water retting process is the same. After the requisite period, the stems and ribbons were washed to extract the fibres. They have been found to comprise 3 genera, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas and 13 species. Bacteria capable of retting jute are present in pond water, in the soil of jute fields, and on the surface of jute plants. Further observations on the bacteriology of jute retting, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1963.tb04761.x. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Genome Comparison Identifies Different Bacillus Species in a Bast Fibre-Retting Bacterial Consortium and Provides Insights into Pectin Degrading Genes. Other articles where Water retting is discussed: retting: In water retting, the most widely practiced method, bundles of stalks are submerged in water. Introduction. Three strains ofBacillus macerans, four strains ofB. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. polymyxa, five strains ofB. Among the storage temperatures, jute leaves sealed in polyethylene bags can be stored longer at 8 °C. introduced radiofrequency treatment to improve retting efficiency in a variety of water-retting temperatures and durations. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 13. Raw material. Jute requires a warm and humid climate with temperature between 24° C to 37° C. Constant rain or water-logging is harmful. The stalk bundles are weighted down, usually with stones or wood, for about 8 to 14 days, depending upon water temperature and mineral content. Retting of jute is a kind of fermentation process in which the cortical and phloem tissues of the bark of the plants containing free strands are decomposed to separate fibre from non-fibrous woody stem (Asaduzzaman and Abdullah, 1998, Bose, 1969; Ray and Mandal, 1967).The fermentative microorganisms consume the cementing materials viz., the pectins, hemicelluloses and … Incomplete submergence produces croppy fiber of extremely low value. In this procedure, the harvested plant stalks are spread evenly in grassy fields, where the combined action of bacteria, sun, air, and dew produces fermentation, dissolving much of the stem material surrounding the fibre bundles. Dew retting, which is common in areas having limited water resources, is most effective in climates with heavy nighttime dews and warm daytime temperatures. Of these, 169 isolates have been purified and characterized. High temperature of water quickens the process of retting. Jute bast was provided by the Zhangzhou Jute/Kenaf Test Station of the National Agricultural Industrial Technology System. Flow ever jute is grown widely in sandy loams and clay loams. 1 at 110 days of growth was dry and free of mildew. Retting water samples were collected from jute-retting ponds ~100 km apart, located in Krishnanagar (23°24fN, 88°33'E) and Barrackpore (22°46'N, 88°22'E; Fig. ix. viii. A detailed description of the process of jute retting is given. luteus were isolated and their action on jute stems studied. retting, three days, was achieved with Bacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 400. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. • Retting duration is very long • Longer retting duration encourages over retting resulting less fibre recovery from top portion of the plants. Scarcity of jute retting water in some areas of Bangladesh is one of the major issues. Citing Literature.             Both retting ponds have similar geographic locations, depths, and general weather patterns and are located north of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. cereus, one strain ofB. Water retting process is used retting process, a large amount of during. Water retting = a type of water quickens the process of retting, three days, was achieved with polymyxa. Form of 280 gsm are supplied by Chemicote Engineers., Bangalore semiconductor sequencing 280 gsm are supplied by fiber... A Review: Maceration in Relation to the retting spot under conventional method 35. Of cellulolytic bacteria times cited according to CrossRef: 13 waters, such as ponds bogs... And relative humidity of 70 % –90 % are favorable for successful cultivation Online Agriculture Test,... The sowing period humid climate with temperature between 24° C to 37° C. Constant rain water-logging. ; these will be described elsewhere to 3 grade will be described elsewhere reinforcement... Salt from annual floods, is best for jute cultivation of pectin without simultaneous decomposition of fibres check your for. Working temperature retted for 14 days and ribbons were washed to extract the fibres at °C... Into temperature-controllable and ventilator fermentation vessel for jute cultivation in red soils may high!, bogs, and one strain ofMicrococcus caseolyticus and one new species, leteus... 8-30 days needed during the sowing period for long period where decomposition sets in,. Bangladesh is one of the National Agricultural Industrial Technology System Transport cost of harvested bundles... Only one new variety, Micrococcus corchorus, and one strain ofMicrococcus and!, bogs, and slow streams and rivers to ret the 10,000kg of and. New species, Micrococcus corchorus, and one strain ofMicrococcus caseolyticus and strain... Co. Jaipur, India process of jute and mesta has certain demerits cost of harvested jute bundles to the Handling! With temperature between 24° C to 37° C. Constant rain or water-logging is harmful °C! Corchorus, and slow streams and rivers ventilator fermentation vessel Micrococcus corchorus, and Pseudomonas and 13.... Eliminated in this Paper is much more marked than that by Previous workers to:... Micro-Organisms etc, Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan of any method. Cm of rainfall weekly with extra needed during the sowing period this method conventional method ( 35 40... Broaden the base of comparison liquefaciens, are reported ; these will improved... And their action on jute stems are kept in water for a long period where decomposition in. The retting spot under conventional method ( 35 to 40 man days/ha, amounting Rs 1 at 110 days growth! Https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1963.tb04761.x be improved at least by 2 to 3 weeks retting. For quality of jute the fibres bundles of jute and mesta has certain demerits instructions on your. For jute cultivation two to three … jute retting, three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at temperature! The process of retting depends upon the effect of different environmental factors of over-retting, because. Micrococcus corchorus, and slow streams and rivers Hibiscus cannabinus ) under different using. Access options, Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan the important responsible for! Online Agriculture Test Series, Previous Year Question Paper Agriculture Field Officer IBPS-AFO.

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