On our farm in Northeastern NC, we raise cotton, sage, corn, small grains, & soybeans. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. A fieldworker picking cotton in Leme, São Paulo state, Brazil. Cotton can be found as perennial treelike plants in tropical climates but is normally cultivated as a shrubby annual in temperate climates. It is a good source of protein and oil, and can supply human food or animal feed and even biodiesel. Cotton by-products are in everything from ice cream to wall paper, from hot dog casings to baseballs—not to mention lots of things we use at home, like cotton swabs, wipes, and even disposable diapers. Equipment includes tractor, two-row stalk-cutter, disk (to shred the stalks), bedder (to shape the soil into ridges or seedbeds), planter, cultivator, sprayer, and harvester. The second group contains the standard medium-staple cotton, such as American Upland, with staple length from about 1.3 to 3.3 cm (0.5 to 1.3 inches). Cotton is attacked by several hundred species of insects, including such harmful species as the boll weevil, pink bollworm, cotton leafworm, cotton fleahopper, cotton aphid, rapid plant bug, conchuela, southern green stinkbug, spider mites (red spiders), grasshoppers, thrips, and tarnished plant bugs. 90% cellulose, 6% moisture and the remainder fats and impurities. AMERICA’S COTTON PRODUCERS AND IMPORTERS. Handpicking, carried out over a period of several days, allows selection of the mature and opened bolls, so that a higher yield is possible. Whole cottonseed leads to high production of milk and fat … Each fiber is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon-like with a wide inner hollow (lumen). The cotton plant belongs to the genus Gossypium of the family Malvaceae (mallow family); the same family as hollyhock, okra and hibiscus. The seeds can also be pressed and turned into cottonseed oil that can be used in cooking, as well as cosmetics, soap, and food products like chips and salad dressing. All parts of the cotton plant are useful. Let plant dry completely after soaking before placing it back into its home. Glyphosate-resistant cotton, which can tolerate the herbicide glyphosate, was also developed through genetic engineering. Bulgaria produces cotton on less than 1,000 ha. Some linter is used to make candle wicks, string, cotton balls, cotton batting, paper, and cellulose products such as rayon, plastics, photographic film, and cellophane. Limited control of damage by insect pests can be achieved by proper timing of planting and other cultural practices or by selective breeding of varieties having some resistance to insect damage. It is the seed left after the separation of long fibres from cotton, and serves as a good source of cellulose for ruminants. Omissions? Some varieties have been bred that are resistant to a bacterial disease called angular leaf spot. The most important is the fiber or lint, which is used in making cotton cloth. Thinner strands are produced by the roving (slubbing) process, in which the sliver is converted to roving by being pulled and slightly twisted. The fibres are composed of about 87 to 90 percent cellulose (a carbohydrate plant substance), 5 to 8 percent water, and 4 to 6 percent natural impurities. © 2021 Cotton Incorporated. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Cottonseed, seed of the cotton plant, important commercially for its oil and other products. A species of boll weevil resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbons was recorded in the late 1950s; this species is combatted effectively with a mixture of toxaphene and DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), which has been outlawed in the United States and some other countries, however. Most of the seeds (cottonseed) are separated from the fibres by a mechanical process called ginning. Mechanization has also reduced substantially the labour needed to grow cotton. Todays cutting-edge machin… Updates? Rotor spinning machines at a coarse cotton factory. He seemed to enjoy several of the posts in my Cotton 101 series, especially the cotton dictionary, but I realized some quick and easy facts about cotton may be of interest too.. The process continues by spinning threads from the remaining, seedless white fiber. Cotton is easily spun into yarn as the cotton fibe… While raw cotton contains fiber, due to how cotton is harvested, it also carries small plant parts and field trash (non-lint or foreign matter) that must be removed thoroughly. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/topic/cotton-fibre-and-plant, Jewish Women's Archive - Biography of Anne Frank, Web Gallery of Art - Biography of Antonio Canova, The New Georgia Encyclopedia - Business and Economy - Cotton, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Georg Brandes, cotton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), cotton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). origins of agriculture: Mechanized equipment for cotton. Its name refers to the cream-colored fluffy fibers surrounding small cottonseeds called a boll. The seed hair, or cotton fibre, reaching a maximum length of about 6 cm (2.5 inches) in long-fibre varieties, is known as lint. Through this web site I offer cotton, cotton plants, cotton bolls, Cotton Jewelry, & lots of other farm related products for the asking. Cottonseed oil is used in salad and cooking oils and, after hydrogenation, in shortenings and margarine. Cotton fibre is made from cellulose, has a slim coating of wax and is thin and hollow like a straw. Whereas it grows up to 6 metres (20 feet) high in the tropics, it characteristically ranges from 1 to 2 metres (3 to 6.5 feet) in height under cultivation. Linters, fibres considerably shorter than the seed hair and more closely connected to the seed, come from a second growth beginning about 10 days after the first seed hairs begin to develop. The plant also produces seeds that are contained in small capsules surrounded by fibre in the cotton bolls. Even parts of the cotton plant that would otherwise be considered trash have novel uses. Currently, cotton is produced only in three EU countries on around 320,000 ha. Cotton fabrics can be extremely durable and resistant to abrasion. I specialize in supplying these products at reasonable prices with personalized service. Whole cottonseed is another feed product of cottonseed used to feed livestock. The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), originally reported in India in 1842, has spread throughout the cotton-producing countries, causing average annual crop losses of up to 25 percent in, for example, India, Egypt, China, and Brazil. Warp yarns often are treated chemically to prevent breaking during weaving. Each cotton boll usually contains 27-45 seeds, and attached to each seed is between 10,000 – 20,000 tiny fibres about 28mm in length. Other Products Derived From Cotton Plants Apart from fibre, the cotton plant supplies seeds that can result in a variety of products. During this period the seeds and their attached hairs develop within the boll, which increases considerably in size. Service Marks / Trademarks of Cotton Incorporated. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Chemical insecticides, which were first introduced in the early 1900s, require careful and selective use because of ecological considerations but appear to be the most effective and efficient means of control. The first group includes the fine, lustrous fibres with staple length ranging from about 2.5 to 6.5 cm (about 1 to 2.5 inches) and includes types of the highest quality—such as Sea Island, Egyptian, and pima cottons. Today, so many products are created from cotton. For higher-quality yarn, card sliver is put through a combing machine, which straightens the staple further and removes unwanted short lengths, or noils. The seeds are delinted by a similar process to ginning. The cottonseed, which remains after cotton is ginned, is used to produce oil for human consumption and oilseed cake for animal feed. It may have existed in Egypt as early as 12,000 B.C. Blends (composites) are made during yarn processing by joining drawn cotton with other staple fibres, such as polyester or casein. Folex TM , Aim TM , Display and ET TM are herbicidal-type defoliants that injure the plant, causing it to produce ethylene in response to this injury. But the cotton plant is so much more than just a fiber source. Linters from longer fibers are often used for medical supplies, while linters with shorter fibers are used in items ranging from gun powder to cotton balls and even X-ray film. The outer surface is covered with a protective wax-like coating which gives fiber an adhesive quality. The plant is cultivated in many parts of the world including China, the United States, and India. The Tillandsia 'Cotton Candy' is a tough air plant that is easy to care for. Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Punjab are the principal cotton-growing states. …the commercial industrial crops is cotton. But the cotton plant is so much more than just a fiber source. When warmth is desired, it can be napped, a process giving the fabric a downy surface. For the production of cotton blends, air-jet spinning may be used; in this high-speed method, air currents wrap loose fibres around a straight sliver core. Cotton plants are subject to diseases caused by various pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and viruses and to damage by nematodes (parasitic worms) and physiological disturbances also classified as diseases. Pieces of cotton fabrics have been found by archaeologists in Mexico (from 3500 B.C. Cotton comes from plants that produce seed pods filled with ball-shaped clumps of cotton fiber. Type of Plant. The threads are then woven to make cloth, which can be dyed. ), in India (3000 B.C. Linters – the short fuzz on the seed – provide cellulose for making plastics, explosives and other products. Linters, the fuzz left after the ginning process, also have myriad industrial uses. ), and in the southwestern United States (500 B.C.). A picker (picking machine) then wraps the fibres into a lap. Learn More, Cotton Incorporated research and development goes beyond cotton fiber in exploring uses for the entire cotton plant in commercially viable—if, perhaps, unexpected—products, including wall coverings and packaging supplies. A card (carding) machine brushes the loose fibres into rows that are joined as a soft sheet, or web, and forms them into loose untwisted rope known as card sliver. Because young seedlings are especially sensitive to attack by a complex of disease organisms, treatment of seeds before planting is common. The bollworm (Heliothis zea, also known as the corn earworm) feeds on cotton and many other wild and cultivated plants. The various species of cotton grown as agricultural crops are native to most subtropical parts of the world and were domesticated independently multiple times. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term "blue-collar"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. The cake, or meal, remaining after the oil is extracted is used in poultry and livestock feeds. The seeds can also be pressed and turned into cottonseed oil that can be used in cooking, as well as cosmetics, soap, and food products like chips and salad dressing. Although cotton can be grown between latitudes 30° N and 30° S, yield and fibre quality are considerably influenced by climatic conditions, and best qualities are obtained with high moisture levels resulting from rainfall or irrigation during the growing season and a dry, warm season during the picking period. Cotton is an arable crop used mainly for fibre. The fertilized blossoms fall off after a few days and are replaced by small green triangular pods, called bolls, that mature after a period of 55–80 days. Soil fumigation moderately succeeded in combatting such fungus diseases as fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, and Texas root rot, which are restricted to certain conditions of soil, rainfall, and general climate. The term plant growth regulators (PGRs) may be used to refer to a wide array of hormonal products, including herbicides or other products that impact growth, but are most commonly used in cotton production to suppress excessive vegetative growth and may slightly hasten maturity. Various finishing processes have been developed to make cotton resistant to stains, water, and mildew; to increase resistance to wrinkling, thus reducing or eliminating the need for ironing; and to reduce shrinkage in laundering to not more than 1 percent. Equipment includes tractor, two-row stalk-cutter, disk (to... Close-up of a carding machine at a textile mill. A hybrid of T. stricta and T.recurvifolia, this plant has silver green leaves and produces bright pink bract with violet flowers. The small, sticky seeds must be separated from the wool in order to process the cotton for spinning and weaving. Properly timed insecticide application provides fairly effective control. Jute, mainly from West Bengal, Assam, and Bihar, is the second leading natural fibre. My friend Jasper Cunningham tweeted me one day asking me if I had some cotton facts on my blog. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The procedure for weaving cotton yarn into fabric is similar to that for other fibres. Mechanization has also reduced substantially the labour needed to grow cotton. Cotton looms interlace the tense lengthwise yarns, called warp, with crosswise yarns called weft, or filling. Although cotton represents less than 0.2% of the value of Europ… The seeds are separated from the cotton fiber mechanically. Cotton has been cultivated for over 5,000 years, and only halfway through the 20th century did modern farming methods move away from handpicking and horse plowing. Additionally, genetically modified “Bt cotton” was developed to produce bacterial proteins that are toxic to herbivorous insects, ostensibly reducing the amount of pesticides needed (). Nonwoven cotton, made by fusing or bonding the fibres together, is useful for making disposable products to be used as towels, polishing cloths, tea bags, tablecloths, bandages, and disposable uniforms and sheets for hospital and other medical uses. These fibres are harvested to produce cotton yarn and textiles. Cotton is virtually pure cellulose, apart from very small amounts of wax, protein, and water. Cotton, one of the world’s leading agricultural crops, is plentiful and economically produced, making cotton products relatively inexpensive. Since the fiber is pervasive in what we wear, eat, and use on a daily basis, its easy to forget that it comes from a crop, and must be harvested each and every year to meet worldwide demand. Mount it on a holder or driftwood. Losses have been estimated as high as 50 percent in some African countries and in Brazil. In the future, there might be a process that can be used to help make the seeds safer for human consumption. A chemical defoliant is usually applied before mechanical picking to cause the plants to shed their leaves, thus encouraging more uniform ripening of the bolls. Many people are also unaware that cotton fiber has a coating of natural waxes that protect it from rain, which ultimately makes it hydrophobic (which is a fancy word for water repellent). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Clothing and household items are the largest uses, but industrial products account from many thousands of bales. Cotton seeds are valuable by-products. Cotton By-products. De-seeded cotton is cleaned, carded (fibers aligned), spun, and woven into a fabric that is also referred to as cotton. Controls and quarantines of affected areas have helped limit the spread of the insect, and eradication has been possible in a few relatively small areas with sufficiently strict controls. Cotton accepts many dyes, is usually washable, and can be ironed at relatively high temperatures. Until that time, cottonseed oil will be the main edible product from this wonderful plant. Handpicking also produces considerably cleaner cotton; mechanical harvesters pick the bolls by suction, accumulating loose material, dust, and dirt, and cannot distinguish between good and discoloured cotton. Cottonseed has an increasingly recognized value and various applications. Cotton, seed-hair fibre of several species of plants of the genus Gossypium, belonging to the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae). Cottor Plants (India) Pvt. Although cotton is considered first and foremost a fiber crop, it is regulated as a food crop by the FDA because its byproducts, including cottonseed oil, have long been used in kitchens, the commercial food industry, cosmetics, and in medical applications. The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), the most serious cotton pest in the United States in the early 1900s, was finally controlled by appropriate cultivation methods and by the application of such insecticides as chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates. A traditional and still common processing method is ring spinning, by which the mass of cotton may be subjected to opening and cleaning, picking, carding, combing, drawing, roving, and spinning. The cotton bale is opened, and its fibres are raked mechanically to remove foreign matter (e.g., soil and seeds). ), in Peru (2500 B.C. Cotton, one of the world’s leading agricultural crops, is plentiful and economically produced, making cotton products relatively inexpensive. Ecovative Design used cotton burrs, agricultural waste, to create a biodegradable packaging that can be composted after use. Greece is the main cotton grower, with 80% of European cotton area, followed by Spain (mainly the region of Andalucía) with a share of 20%. The breeding of resistant varieties, however, has been more effective. Conventional cotton production requires more insecticides than any other major crop, and the production of organic cotton, which relies on nonsynthetic insecticides, has been increasing in many places worldwide. The cotton shrub produces seedpods that burst open to reveal masses of fluffy cotton fibres. Cotton has been cultivated and used to make fabrics for at least 7,000 years. Hydromulch, which helps control soil erosion, is also made from by-products of the ginning process. What Cotton is Used For Every part of the cotton plant can be used. Cotton Plant Gossypium Herbaceum. Cotton fiber grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant. Much of it is exported in processed form, largely as burlap. Cotton is a shrubby plant that is a member of the Mallow family. While the fiber is woven into apparel and home textiles, the seeds are used as a high-quality feed for cows. When it is in bloom it produces attractive yellow blossoms and pink blossoms at the same time. Great indoor plant. Combine harvesting ripe cotton in Alabama. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. I’m Fahey Byrum III, or Butch. To avoid damage to the cotton by wind or rain, it is picked as soon as the bolls open, but since the bolls do not all reach maturity simultaneously, an optimum time is chosen for harvesting by mechanical means. Ltd., is a certified ISO 9001 : 2015 company manufacturing all Main and Allied equipments for Seed Processing, Equipments for oil and fat industry, Seed Cotton Saw Ginning Plants with all systems and specifications meeting International quality standards following modern manufacturing procedure. It is generally a shrubby plant having broad three-lobed leaves and seeds in capsules, or bolls; each seed is surrounded with … Author: Scott Stewart, IPM Extension Specialist Comments Off on Cotton Defoliation – Defoliation Products Defoliants can be categorized as having either herbicidal or hormonal activity. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? The fibres can be made into a wide variety of fabrics ranging from lightweight voiles and laces to heavy sailcloths and thick-piled velveteens , suitable for a great variety of wearing apparel, home furnishings, and industrial uses. An even coarser fibre is derived from coir, the outer…, Finally, there is evidence that cotton was cultivated and used for textiles.…. Cotton fibre can be woven or knitted into fabrics including velvet, … Cotton is a perennial that farmers grow on an annual schedule. The third group includes the short-staple, coarse cottons, ranging from about 1 to 2.5 cm (0.5 to 1 inch) in length, used to make carpets and blankets, coarse and inexpensive fabrics, and blends with other fibres. When ripe, the boll bursts into a white, fluffy ball containing three to five cells, each having 7 to 10 seeds embedded in a mass of seed fibres. Ginned cotton is shipped in bales to a textile mill for yarn manufacturing. While the fiber is woven into apparel and home textiles, the seeds are used as a high-quality feed for cows. According to CottonInc.com, cotton has been cultivated for about 7,000 years, and evidence suggests it … It is comfortable to wear because it absorbs and releases moisture quickly. Clothes made out of cotton are especially light and comfortable. Vice President, Research, Textile Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey. But recently, long-term research from Cotton Incorporated has paved the way for an expanded use of cottonseed as a foodstuff. Learn More. After the pods pop, the fluffy cotton shows. Cotton fibres may be classified roughly into three large groups, based on staple length (average length of the fibres making up a sample or bale of cotton) and appearance. The fibres can be made into a wide variety of fabrics ranging from lightweight voiles and laces to heavy sailcloths and thick-piled velveteens, suitable for a great variety of wearing apparel, home furnishings, and industrial uses. Two-thirds of the weight of the seed cotton (i.e., the seed with the adhering seed hair) consists of the seeds. The blossoms develop into seedpods, or bolls. Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise w… But other parts of the plant are also used for various purposes. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Finally, the roving is transferred to a spinning frame, where it is drawn further, twisted on a ring spinner, and wound on a bobbin as yarn. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Faster production methods include rotor spinning (a type of open-end spinning), in which fibres are detached from the card sliver and twisted, within a rotor, as they are joined to the end of the yarn. The cotton plant is best known for producing soft, washable fiber, which outsells all others--including man-made fibers--in the United States. In the drawing (drafting) stage, a series of variable-speed rollers attenuates and reduces the sliver to firm uniform strands of usable size. Manufacturer of Cotton Processing Plant, Cotton Plant, Absorbent Cotton Plant, Cotton Plant Machinery and Surgical Cotton Plant offered by Shree Ambica Engineering Works & Company, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It is true the cotton plant will always be grown for humans to use but mainly for clothing purposes. We have updated our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy with important information about our collection and use of your data and your data privacy options. Cotton is a plant that produces fibers, which are used to make clothes and other products, like towels, carpets or sheets. Least plentiful and most difficult to grow, long-staple cottons are costly and are used mainly for fine fabrics, yarns, and hosiery. Find out more about this program and how to get involved. To update your email address, make changes to the emails you receive, or unsubscribe, please enter your current Email Address. Please click on these. Learn More, The Blue Jeans Go Green™ denim recycling program has collected more than one million pieces of denim, effectively diverting more than 600 tons of denim from landfills. Cotton’s strength and absorbency makes it an ideal fabric to make clothes and homewares, and industrial products like tarpaulins, tents, hotel sheets, army uniforms and even astronauts’ inflight space suits. The Cotton Plant is an unusual plant to grow. Within 80–100 days after planting, the plant develops white blossoms, which change to a reddish colour. And pink blossoms at the same time the oil is extracted is used to make fabrics at! Plant develops white blossoms, which remains after cotton is a shrubby plant that would otherwise be considered trash novel. The outer surface is covered with a protective wax-like coating which gives fiber an quality... Blossoms and pink blossoms at the same time yarn processing by joining drawn cotton with other staple fibres, as... 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